Since the 1960’s, spurred by civil unrest in the US, new community groups were created to stimulate political involvement. Reacting to citizen action, many city governments, urban planners and architects adopted community engagement practices in an attempt to include a wider range of voices. Despite these engagement processes, actors on all sides struggle to be both inclusive and impactful and call into question the meaning of an urban culture in the 21st century. Whose government? Whose culture? Whose city?
Download Integral City: A Collaborative Design Approach to Warren, Ohio